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This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the radiation curable products industry, specifically during formulation of radiation curable coatings, inks, and adhesives. The document focuses primarily on ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curable products and presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to components and additives used in radiation curable products.
Curing --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemical processes --- Drying
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China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.
Energy --- Clean coal technologies --- Coal trade --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Chemical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Environmental aspects --- International cooperation --- China, People’s Republic --- Coal --- Cleaning --- Caustobioliths --- Fossil fuels --- Charbon
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Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role as a sustainable and environmentally acceptable energy carrier in the 21st century. This report describes the scientific and technical challenges associated with the production of hydrogen using heat and/or electricity from nuclear power plants, with special emphasis on recent developments in high-temperature electrolysis and the use of different chemical thermodynamic processes. Economics and market analysis as well as safety aspects of the nuclear production of hydrogen are also discussed.
Nuclear Energy --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Hydrogen --- Hydrogen as fuel --- Nuclear engineering --- Research --- Hydrogen energy --- Fuel --- Nonmetals
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Hydrogen and fuel cells are vital technologies to ensure a secure and CO2-free energy future. This book draws primarily upon information contributed by IEA governments. In virtually all the IEA countries, important R&D and policy efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells are in place and expanding. Some are fully-integrated, government-funded programs, some are a key element in an overall strategy spread among multiple public and private efforts. The large amount of information provided in this publication reflects the vast array of technologies and logistics required to build the “hydrogen economy”.
Hydrogen as fuel. --- Hydrogen as fuel --- Fuel cells --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Research --- Direct energy conversion --- Electric batteries --- Electric power production from chemical action --- Electrochemistry --- Hydrogène (Combustible) --- Piles à combustible --- Recherche
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This volume contains data for 2009 and 2010 on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances. Data are expressed in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise production, trade and final consumption data as well as key energy and economic indicators. These tables also include preliminary estimates of 2011 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. This book includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory note
Coal. --- Natural gas. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Energy industries --- Energy development --- Technological innovations. --- Energy resources development --- Energy source development --- Power resources development --- Power resources --- Industries
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Which alternative motor fuels will be in common use tomorrow? Which criteria should be used to assess them? No simple answers exist. Complex trade-offs are involved in the decision-making process. But the most important ingredient for making informed choices is sound information produced by a transparent methodology. Automotive Fuels for the Future offers a digest of basic data on the critical fuel choices for the future. It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
Environment --- Energy --- Motor fuels --- Spark ignition engines --- Automobiles --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Alternative fuels --- Fuel consumption --- Exhaust gas --- Motors --- Autos (Automobiles) --- Cars (Automobiles) --- Gasoline automobiles --- Motorcars (Automobiles) --- Automotive fuels --- Motor vehicles --- Transportation, Automotive --- Fuel --- Misfueling
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Coal Information provides a comprehensive review of the historical and current market trends in the world coal sector, including 2013 preliminary data. An introduction, notes, definitions and auxiliary information are provided in Part I. Part II of the publication provides a review of the world coal market in 2013, while Part III provides a statistical overview of developments, which covers world coal production and coal reserves, coal demand by type, coal trade and coal prices. Part IV provides, in tabular and graphic form, a more detailed and comprehensive statistical picture of of historic
Coal -- Statistics. --- Coal trade -- Statistics -- Periodicals. --- Coal trade -- Statistics. --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Business & Economics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Industries --- Coal --- Coal trade --- Coal industry --- Fuel trade --- Caustobioliths --- Fossil fuels
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Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role as a sustainable and environmentally acceptable energy source in the 21st century. However, hydrogen does not exist as a gas on earth and thus has to be produced from, for example, water or natural gas by different separation techniques. One way to do so would be to use nuclear-produced energy or heat in this separation process. The present publication gives an overview of the advancements in the scientific and technological fields related to the nuclear production of hydrogen.
Hydrogen -- Research -- Congresses. --- Hydrogen as fuel -- Research -- Congresses. --- Nuclear engineering -- Congresses. --- Hydrogen --- Hydrogen as fuel --- Nuclear engineering --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Research --- Hydrogen energy --- Fuel --- Nonmetals --- France --- Nuclear power plants --- Centrales nucléaires --- Hydrogène --- Hydrogène (Combustible) --- By-products --- Research. --- Sous-produits --- Recherche
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Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role as a sustainable and environmentally acceptable energy carrier in the 21st century. Since natural sources of pure hydrogen are extremely limited, it is necessary to develop technologies to produce large quantities of hydrogen economically. The currently dominant technology for producing hydrogen is based on reforming fossil fuels, a process which releases greenhouse gases. Hydrogen produced by water cracking, using heat and surplus electricity from nuclear power plants, requires no fossil fuels and results in lower greenhouse gas emissions. This conference proceedings presents the state of the art in the nuclear production of hydrogen and describes its associated scientific and technical challenges.
Hydrogen -- Research -- Congresses. --- Hydrogen as fuel -- Research -- Congresses. --- Hydrogen. --- Nuclear engineering -- Congresses. --- Nuclear Engineering. --- Hydrogen --- Hydrogen as fuel --- Nuclear engineering --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Research --- Hydrogen energy --- Fuel --- Nonmetals --- Nuclear power plants --- Centrales nucléaires --- Hydrogène --- Hydrogène (Combustible) --- By-products --- Research. --- Sous-produits --- Recherche
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Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. This Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also reviews recent progress in developing certification systems for biofuels – an essential tool for tying support to achievement in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although certification cannot be expected to prevent rainforest destruction for the development of biofuel crop plantations. The report concludes with a short list of recommendations for policy reform if support for biofuels is to contribute effectively to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
Biomass energy. --- Greenhouse gases. --- Biomass energy --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects. --- Bio-energy (Biomass energy) --- Bioenergy (Biomass energy) --- Biofuels --- Biological fuels --- Energy, Biomass --- Microbial energy conversion --- Energy conversion --- Fuel --- Energy crops --- Microbial fuel cells --- Refuse as fuel --- Waste products as fuel --- Biomass energy - Environmental aspects --- Biomass energy - OECD countries --- Biomass as fuel --- Renewable fuels --- Renewable energy sources
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